The purpose, styles, conventions and techniques of music videos

We created a timeline to showcase a brief history of music videos that were significant throughout time.

It can be found here: http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/695121/History-Of-Music-Videos/

History of film editing

History of film editing and Practitioners

1899 - The very first films were called actualities - they were short, single-shot films without any editing. The art of film editing (originally called "cutting" since it involved splicing together pieces of nitrate or celluloid) first developed in the films of Georges Melies from Paris (e.g., Le Voyage Dans La Lune (1902) and The Great Train Robbery (1903). Editing involved the manipulation of time and space to tell a story.

1908 - French caricature artist Émile Cohl created what is considered to be the world’s first animated cartoon. His black-and-white short film, Fantasmagorie, is composed of 700 drawings that he illuminated on a glass plate. 

1923 - Walt Disney Animation Studios, head-quartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California was founded

December 21, 1937 - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs released

1941 - Citizen Kane - This highly-rated masterpiece from Orson Welles brought together many cinematic techniques and experimental innovations (in photography, editing, and sound). The innovative, bold film is still an acknowledged milestone in the development of cinematic technique.

1960 - Psycho contains the most famous murder scene ever filmed. The scene took a full week to complete, using fast-cut editing of 78 pieces of film, 70 camera setups and involved the inter-cutting of slow-motion and regular speed footage. The audience at the time was socked to see complete nudity and fourteen violent stabbings.

                                                           

January 1961 - Helical Scan recording is invented by ampex, this is the technology behind the worldwide consumer video revolution, and is used in all home Video Tape Recorders today.

October 1971 - The first Linear Editing Machine was the CMX 600 - it recorded half resolution black and white video files onto extremely large disk packs and cost a little over $250,000 in 1971 – which is about 1.2 million in 2016. Only 6 were ever produced.

1972 - The Godfather - The film was the highest-grossing film of 1972 and was for a time the highest-grossing film ever made. It won the Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor (Marlon Brando) and Francis Ford Coppola for Best Director. The Godfather is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema and one of the most influential. 

1976 - Rocky - The film, made on a budget of just over $1 million and shot in 28 days, earned $225 million in global box office receipts, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976, and went on to win three Oscars, including Best Picture.

1988 - First non-linear editing machine EMC2

1989 - Avid1 – a macintosh based Non Linear Editor in 1989. Avid would go on to become the gold standard for editing in Hollywood.

1999 - The Matrix - this became best known for its phenomenal and revolutionary visual effects - airborne fighting, 3-D freeze frame effects with a rotating or pivoting camera, and bullet-dodging.

1999 - Final Cut Pro - the software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive, where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. Originally developed by Macromedia inc. and currently by Apple inc.

2007 - Sony Vegas Pro is a video editing software package for non-linear editing originally published by Sonic Foundry, now owned and run by Magix. This was the first editing software with "proper audio effects".

2009 - Avatar - Revolutionary in the world of film, with amazing CGI and animation effects, also a turning point in

3D film. The highest grossing movie of all time with a gross of $2,787,965,087

Techniques 

180 Degree Rule 
The 180° rule is a cinematography guideline that states that two characters in a scene should maintain the same left/right relationship to one another. (5)

Types of Shot
Aerial
An exterior shot filmed from the air. Often used to establish a location. This was very popular in the 70's. (8)
Arc
An arc shot is a camera move around the subject, somewhat like a tracking shot. The camera moves in a rough semi-circle around the subject. (6)

Bridging
A shot used to cover a jump in time or place or other discontinuity. Examples are falling calendar pages, railroad wheels, newspaper headlines and seasonal changes. (7)

Close-Up
A shot that keeps only the face full in the frame. Perhaps the most important building block in cinematic
storytelling. (8)

Medium Shot
A shot that utilises the most common angles in cinema. Closer than a long shot. (8)

Pan
One of the simplest and most common movements is to turn, or pan (from the word panorama), the camera horizontally so that it sweeps around the scene. (9)

Top Shot
A high-angle shot is where the camera looks down on the subject from a high angle. High-angle shots can make the subject seem vulnerable when applied with the correct mood, setting, and effects. (10)

Parallel Editing
Parallel editing is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. (11)

Types of Transition
Cut
The most basic and common type of transition is the cut. A cut happens when one shot instantly replaces the other. (12)

Fade

Fade ins and fade outs are the second most common type of transition. Fade outs happen when the picture is gradually replaced by black screen or any other solid color. (12)

Dissolve

Dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. For a few seconds, they overlap, and both are visible. Commonly used to signify the passage of time. (13)

Iris

An old-fashioned transition hardly employed today is the iris, when a circulars masking closes the picture to a black screen. Commonly used in Looney Tunes and cartoons such as that. (12)

Bibliography

1. "The Godfather". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 15 Sept. 2016.
2. "History And Development Of Editing Key Dates". Tiki-toki.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 13 Sept. 2016.

3. "Sony Vegas Pro". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 19 Sept. 2016.
4. Boxofficemojo.com. (2016). Avatar (2009) - Box Office Mojo. 
5. "Film Studies: 180° Degree Rule". YouTube. N.p., 2016. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

6. "Arc Shot". Mediacollege.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.
7. "Cinematic Techniques". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. 
8. Ian Freer, illustrations Olly Gibbs. "Film Studies 101: The 30 Camera Shots Every Film Fan Needs To Know". Empire. N.p., 2013. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.
9. "Panning Shot | Cinematography". Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., 2016. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.10. "High-Angle Shot". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.
10. "High-Angle Shot". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 28 Sept. 2016. 
11. Moura, Gabe. "Parallel Editing". Elementsofcinema.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.
12. Moura, Gabe et al. "Types Of Transitions". Elementsofcinema.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.

13. "Dissolve (Filmmaking)". Wikipedia. N.p., 2016. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.
14. McDougall, Julian. OCR Media Studies For AS. London: Hodder Arnold, 2008. Print.





Mr Holder feedback 27th Sept

History is complete, start to look at techniques
Reference any books used, and upload to blog (photos of highlighting and annotations)